Effusion-Serum Chloride Gradient in Heart Failure-Associated Pleural Effusion ― Pathophysiologic Implications ―

Pleural effusion in congestive heart failure.

Establishing a diagnosis of pleural effusion due to heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of pleural effusion, along with cancer, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Despite being the most common hospital admission diagnosis in patients aged 65 years, some studies have reported a relatively low incidence of pleural effusions secondary to HF. One reason for this is that the studies surveyed selected populations that did not include many patient...

Pleural effusion

Pleural disease remains a commonly encountered clinical problem for both general physicians and chest specialists. This review focuses on the investigation of undiagnosed pleural effusions and the management of malignant and parapneumonic effusions. New developments in this area are also discussed at the end of the review. It aims to be evidence based together with some practical suggestions fo...

Pleural Effusion

The lungs are covered by a thin serous layer (the visceral pleura). The pleura is then reflected on to the chest wall and pericardium (the parietal pleura). The lung hila 'connect' the visceral and parietal pleura. There is normally a small amount of fluid in the 'pleural space' between the parietal and visceral pleura, which lubricates movement between them. A pleural effusion occurs when the ...

Pleural Effusion

with chapters on the history of chemotherapy, toxicity, statistical methods and drug resistance, which are of primary value as a guide to relevant literature. Following this is a series of 18 chapters by 14 authors most of whom have made important contributions to their particular fields of chemotherapy and present well documented reviews of the diseases they discuss. Particularly effective and...